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(詳細はparticle physics, chiral symmetry breaking is an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking affecting the chiral symmetry of a gauge theory such as Quantum Chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interactions. ==Overview== The principal and manifest consequence of this symmetry breaking is the generation of 99% of the mass of nucleons, and hence the bulk of all visible matter, out of very light quarks.〔Ta-Pei Cheng and Ling-Fong Li, ''Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics'', (Oxford 1984) ISBN 978-0198519614; 〕 For example, for the proton, of mass ''mp''= 938 MeV, the bound quarks, with ''mu'' ≈ 2 MeV, ''md'' ≈ 5 MeV, only contribute about 9 MeV to its mass, the bulk of it arising out of QCD chiral symmetry breaking, instead.〔This is a rough formal wisecrack. The actual chiral limit of the nucleon mass is about 880 MeV, cf. .〕 Yoichiro Nambu was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in physics for his understanding of this phenomenon. The origin of the symmetry breaking may be described as an analog to magnetization, the fermion condensate (vacuum condensate of bilinear expressions involving the quarks in the QCD vacuum), : formed through nonperturbative action of QCD gluons, with ''v'' ≈ −(250 MeV)3. It is clear that this cannot be preserved under an isolated ''L'' or ''R'' rotation. The pion decay constant, ''f''π ≈ 93 MeV, may be viewed as a measure of the strength of the chiral symmetry breaking. For two light quarks, ''u'' and ''d'', the symmetry of the QCD Lagrangian called ''chiral symmetry'', and denoted as , can be decomposed into : The quark condensate spontaneously breaks the down to the diagonal vector subgroup ''SU(2)V'', known as isospin. The resulting effective theory of baryon bound states of QCD (which describes protons and neutrons), then, has mass terms for these, disallowed by the original linear realization of the chiral symmetry, but allowed by the nonlinear (spontaneously broken) realization thus achieved as a result of the strong interactions.〔J Donoghue, E Golowich and B Holstein, ''Dynamics of the Standard Model'', ( Cambridge University Press, 1994) ISBN 9780521476522 .〕 The Nambu-Goldstone bosons corresponding to the three broken generators are the three pions, charged and neutral. More precisely, because of small quark masses which make this chiral symmetry only approximate, the pions are Pseudo-Goldstone bosons instead, with a nonzero, but still atypically small mass, ''m''π ≈ √q / ''f''π . For three quarks, ''u, d, s'', instead, the flavor-chiral symmetries likewise decompose to :. The chiral symmetry broken is now the nondiagonal part of the respective ; so, then, eight axial generators, corresponding to the eight light pseudoscalar mesons. The remaining eight unbroken vector generators constitute the manifest standard "Eightfold Way" flavor symmetries. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chiral symmetry breaking」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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